RADIATION SAFETY PROCEDURE AND METHOD STATEMENT

This article and procedure is about guide to radiographic testing personnel and to meet the requirements of radioactive materials, x ray machines and ionizing radiation use, storage, transport safe handling in industrial radiography. Radiographic exposure devices are developed and designed reliably and shielded as regards public, environment and radiographer safety are important and concerned. To get safer radiography performance, Proper attitude and understanding are very essential.

At present time no radiation dose, other than zero, is accepted as having no biological effect. So, it is vitally important that every individual should make every reasonable effort to maintain radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) or lower than the amount this procedure requires. Personnel involved in ionizing radiation must give absolute attention as far as safety is concerned, especially with regards to Time, Distance and Shielding.

1.0 SCOPE:

2.1 This procedure provides mandatory safety requirements and guidelines for shipment, storage and use of radioactive material or x-ray generating equipment and full compliance is required when used for contracts in which the use of radioactive material or X-ray Machine is applicable.

2.2 The requirements contained in this procedure arc subject to changes based on revision issued by Client.
2.3 The rules and regulations employed on this procedure shall govern the safely and responsibility of all radiographic testing personnel and full compliance of users is required.
2.4 This procedure shall be used as a reference for safe working by personnel involved in ionizing radiation.
2.5 Radiographic crew shall have a copy of this procedure in their vehicle or works at all times.

3.0 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2. OID-N-RS-1141 Revision I.
3. GI-150-003 Saudi Aramco ionizing radiation protection specification.

4.0 RISK ASSESSMENTS

RISK Assessments of the involved on all exposures in the application of industrial radiography are the responsibility of Radiation Safety Officer, Authorized Designee and/or Site-in charge. Risk Factors should be minimized by strict compliance of both Contractor RSO (Radiation Safety Officer), and Client’s Safety
Requirements by design of equipment & safety requirements contained there-in the principles of ALARA, Radiation Protection and by the design of work executions.
The risk of over exposure is directly attributed to failure to follow safety procedures, malfunctioning of equipment and its misuse. A risk assessment shall be prepared for all industrial radiographic work Activities that includes:

a) Source Identification
b) Source Activity
c) Calculated Radiation Level al I meter and/or I foot from the source.
d) Safe distance required for 7.5µSv/hr (0.75mR/hr) for an unshielded source.
e) In cases where job includes techniques not normally encountered by the radiographers, instructions and information should be provided that pertains to the possible risks.

4.1 Risk On-site

Assessments arc required for radiographic assignments that involved additional risks
a) Elevated Locations
b) Confined spaces.
c) Occupied areas.
d) Source Strength/Type Requirements. (During use or high energy radiation such Cobalt-60 or Linear accelerator)
e) Other locations that are not evaluated as typical routine assignments by the coordinator.

5.0 PERSONNEL

5.1 Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) can also be referred to as RPO I) Radiation Safety Officer shall be appointed to supervise the use of radioactive material. The person designated as RSO shall have the following qualification.
a) Possession of a current RSO license issued by Client or Authority.
b) At least five years experience in radiographic testing and certified as RT Level II as per Inspection & Testing Company, Personnel Qualification Procedure.

b) Formal training to deal with radiation emergency situations and retrieval of isotopes utilized in industrial radiography. Currently organized source retrieval training includes programmes conducted by Saudi Arabian Society of ASNT, AEA Technologies (USA) and NRPB (UK). All registered RSO personnel shall have completed such training.
e) Formal training in maintenance of radiographic exposure devices. When company has more than one RSO, at least one must have completed maintenance training.

2) Radiation Safety Officer shall be responsible for personnel qualification, monitoring all radiographic personnel dose. keep records of personnel dose and scaled source information, issue and collect personnel dosimetry, monitor radioactive materials and x-ray generating equipment movement, safety audits and calibration of radiation monitors.
3) RSO shall be responsible for emergency procedure whenever potential radiation hazard is reported. He shall assume control as soon as possible ensuring that necessary precaution is implemented.

5.2 Radiographer

1) Are those individuals who have been authorized to use, handle, transport or store ionizing radiation producing equipment and radioactive sources.

2) Personnel appointed as Radiographer shall be certified as RT Level II as per Inspection & Testing Company. Personnel Qualification Procedure.
3) Radiographer shall be required to demonstrate the use of radiographic exposure devices, scaled source, related handling tools and radiation monitoring devices.
4) Radiographer and assistant radiographer shall be responsible for compliance with all applicable safety regulation. They shall be responsible for daily check of radiographic exposure device. monitoring of personal dosage, securing and controlling the restricted area and notifying Inspection & Testing Company, RSO without delay in case of any incident.

5.3 Assistant Radiographer

I) Personnel appointed as Assistant Radiographer shall be certified as RT Level II as per Inspection & Testing Company, Personnel Qualification Procedure.
2) Assistant Radiographer shall be required to demonstrate to use radiographic exposure devices, sealed source, handling tools, and radiation monitoring devices.

5.4 Level I Radiographer

Level I Radiographer shall be certified to RT Level-I as per Inspection & Testing Company. Personnel Qualification Procedure and shall work under direct supervision of current certified RT Level-II individual.

6.0 CREW REQUIREMENTS

For radiography work with all sources other than Cobalt-60, minimum 2 radiographers shall be used. The above applies to X-rays upto 350Kv. Minimum 4 radiographers would however be needed for work involving Co-60 or X-ray above 350Kv.

7.0 PERMITS FROM REGULARATORY BODY

7.1 Radiation work permit

A radiation work permit has to be obtained from Client by providing prior notification of all radiography Client.

7.2 Radiation Worker’s Permit

Radiation worker’s permit is required to be obtained from Client for using, handling or transporting ionizing radiation sources or equipment. The permit must be surrendered upon completion of work.

7.3 Temporary Radioactive Storage Pit Permit

A valid permit for temporary radioactive storage facility (formerly referred to as: “temporary radioactive source storage facilities”)

7.4 Temporary Radioactive Source Storage Pit Permit

1. The Inspection & Testing Company, shall maintain a utilization log with format approved by the ID-RPO as part of the review and approval of the Radiation Safety Procedure. The Log shall be kept at the storage pit and shall as a minimum provide date, time , and who a source was issued to, where it is located at all times. and when returned and by who.
2. Inspection & Testing Company shall be held accountable for all activities involved, conditions and circumstances associated with the storage facility regardless of who installed it.
3. Permits for temporary storage facilities are issued for a period of 6 months subject to renewal and must be posted along with the approved safety procedure on the surrounding fence.
4. Temporary storage pit removal is the responsibility of Approved Company.

8.0 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE STORAGE FACILITIES

The design of all radioactive storage facilities (permanent and temporary) must be approved by Client. The location of permanently installed facilities must be pre-approved by Client. When a standardized storage pit is used, Inspection & Testing Company must comply without exception to the Client pre-approved design. Any temporary or permanent storage pit not meeting the requirements of the standard pre-approved design shall be considered as unique and requires specific approval of Client.

Prior inspection and approval by RPO or designated representative is required for all facilities used to store radioactive material provided by the Inspection Department or for Contractor temporary facilities on Company Property.

9.0 RADIOACTIVE EXPOSURE DEVICE

9.1 Radioactive exposure devices and accessories shall be maintained in good and operable condition to prevent unnecessary exposure to radiation.
9.2 Exposure device with the source in shielded position should have no radiation level in excess of 200 mRem/hr (2 mSv/hr) at the surface or 10 mRem/hr (0.1 mSv) at 1 meter from the surface except in the front area when front plug is removed.
9.3 Exposure device and accessories shall be maintained by trained personnel in a regular frequency or whenever it is reported malfunctioning.

10.0 RADIATION MONITORING DEVICE:

Each individual radiation workers shall have in his possession and in use:
o TLD.
o Electronic Pocket Dosimeter or Alarm Rate Meter (Chirper).
o Quartz Fiber Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter (May be omitted if an approved Electronic Pocket Dosimeter with dose displayed is in use.
o Calibrated Survey Meter.
TLDs, and Electronic Pocket Dosimeters ( or Alarm Rate Meters with Quartz Fiber Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter) shall be worn on the trunk of the body (preferably at chest level)

10.1 TLD

10.1.1 All Inspection & Testing Company, personnel associated with radiation sources as described above must wear an approved personnel dosimeter (Thennolumeniseence Dosimeter (TLD). The TLD shall be worn at chest level.
10.1.2 A TLD shall be assigned to any individual where a potential dose in excess of 10% of the annual limit for radiation workers exists.

10.1.3 For the purpose of access to facilities or location where radioactive material is stored, in use, or transported, any individual not in possession of a TLD shall be classified as “General Public” with the limits thereof applicable.
10.1.4 When not in use. TLD badges shall be stored in a radiation free location
10.1.5 Anytime there is reason to believe that the TLD has been exposed to radiation other than normal usage (e.g. accidentally dropped in an exposure area), all work will cease immediately, equipment secured and returned to storage. The TLD along with a report detailing the circumstances of the abnormal dose shall be submitted immediately to the RSO.

10.2 Personal Radiation Alarm

Personal Radiation Alarm shall have in their possession and use an Electronic Pocket Dosimeters (EPD) having radiation dose and dose rate alarms, data logging, and displayed radiation dose compatible with the Inspection Department Dose Monitoring System.

10.2.1 When Rate Alarm Meters arc used, individual shall also have Direct Read Pocket dosimeters having a range of 0 to 2mSv, 0 to 2000 μSv (0 - 200 mRem). Pocket dosimeters must be zeroed al the beginning of each day.

10.2.2 Pocket dosimeters shall undergo performance assessment at 12-month intervals in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommended procedure. Acceptable dosimeters must read within +/- 20% of calibration levels. Records of the performance assessment shall be maintained by the RSO (Radiation Safety Officer).
10.2.3 Alarming or malfunctioning Personal Radiation Alarms and/or Direct Read Pocket Dosimeters.
10.2.4 If an individual’s Electronic Pocket Dosimeter displays a dose greater than the investigation level dose produces a continuous alarm or appears to be malfunctioning. or if a Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter is used, the dosimeter is off scale, all production work will cease immediately.
10.2.5 An immediate radiation survey of the area and equipment shall be performed.
10.2.6 Exposed TLD badge(s) will be processed as soon as possible. Personnel associated with the radiation incident shall not be allowed to return to work until the results of the TLD badge evaluation arc received.
10.2.7 If the total reported results of the TLD badge arc not in excess of the allowable limits, individuals involved in the radiation incident may return to active work assignments without exceeding the annual limits.
10.2.8 If the total reported results of the TLD badge arc in excess of the allowable limits, individuals involved in the radiation incident will be given non-radiation work assignments.

10.3 Radiation Dose Monitoring System

Each Company Facility where Industrial Radiography radiation sources are stored shall be equipped with at least one Electronic Alarming Dosimeter reader station connected to the Company Intranet and configured to interface with the Inspection Department Radiation Dose Monitoring System.
0.4 Approved Sealed Radioactive Sources
Sealed Radioactive sources used for Industrial Radiography shall be Ir-192.

10.5 Radiographic Equipment

10.5.1 Only radioactive sources contained in approved Type B (U) radiographic projectors may be transported used, and with specific approval. Approved projectors include AEA Technologies (Techops, Amersham, Amertest, QSA) 660B, and 880 Delta or Sigma radiographic projectors.
10.5.2 Projectors (radiographic exposure devices), controls, and guide/extension tubes shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with the Operations Inspection Division, NDT Unit procedure OID-N-RS-02 “Radiographic Exposure Device Maintenance”.
10.5.3 Complete Service in accordance with the Operations Inspection Division, NDT Unit Procedure OID-N-RS-02 ” Radiographic Exposure Device Maintenance” shall be performed at intervals not exceeding 6 months or
10.5.3.1 Equipment exposed to harsh conditions.
10.5.3.2 Determined during daily inspections to be functioning improperly such that could lead to unsafe conditions.
10.5.3.3 Determined at the time of Quarterly Inspection to require complete service due to physical condition of the equipment.

10.5.3.4 Immediately following a radiation safety/protection incident involving the equipment.
10.5.4 Personnel responsible for inspection and servicing of Projectors, controls, and guide/extension tubes shall be specifically trained and qualified for the work.

10.6 Each radiation worker shall have a calibrated and operable survey meter with them for every operation of radiographic testing or any work that involves radioactive material.

10.7 Survey meter shall have a range such that 2 μSv/hr (0.2 mRem/hr) through 10 mSv/hr ( 1.0 Rem/hr) can be measured.
10.8 Radiation Survey Meters shall have an Electronic LED or Backlit LCD and shall be provided with a hand free carrying strap.
10.9 Survey meter shall be calibrated at intervals not to exceed 6 months or after each instrument’s repair. The radiation safety officer shall maintain all records and shall be responsible for calibration of survey meters. Each survey meter shall carry a tag showing the calibration and expiration dates.
10.10 Calibrated survey meter shall be checked for operation prior to use. Check all on/off switches, checked scales, check batteries and allow the unit to wann up for two or three minutes, prior to above check.

11.0 PERSONNEL DOSIMETRY

11.1 TLD and Pocket Dosimeter

1) Each individual shall have at least one electronic pocket dosimeter and a TLD (Thermo Luminescent Dosimeter) with them at all times when transporting, handling and using radioactive material or x-ray equipment. Pocket dosimeter shall have a range from Oto 200 mRem (0 to 2 mSv).
2) One TLD shall be assigned and worn only by individual to whom it was issued. Radiographic Testing shall not be performed without a TLD badge.
3) TLD shall be sent to authorized agency for reading after a month of used and record shall be kept on file.
4) Electronic Pocket Dosimeter shall be zeroed at the beginning of each day’s work and shall be read frequently during radiographic testing operation.
5) Electronic Pocket Dosimeter shall be recorded at the end of each shift on daily radiation exposure report (sec Appendix 5)
6) Electronic Pocket dosimeter shall be checked its accuracy at least once a year by sending it to authorized agency for calibration.
7) When not in use, TLD and Electronic Pocket Dosimeter shall be kept in a place free from radiation exposure.
8) Electronic Pocket Dosimeter is intended for Dose monitoring only and under no circumstance to be used in replacement of survey meters.

11.2 Quartz Fiber Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter

I) Each individual shall have one direct read pocket dosimeter with them at all times when transporting, handling and using radioactive material or x-ray equipment. Direct read pocket dosimeter shall have a range from 0 to 200 mRcm (0 to 2 mSv).

2) Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter shall be recharged at the beginning of each day’s work and shall be read frequently during radiographic testing operation.

3) Direct Read Pocket dosimeter shall be checked its accuracy at least once a year by sending it to authorized agency for calibration.
4) Dosimeter readings shall be recorded at the end each shill on daily radiation exposure report (see Appendix 5). When used with EPD, the dose readings of the EPD shall be recorded on the daily radiation exposure report.
5) When not in use, Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter shall be kept in a place free from radiation exposure.

11.3 Malfunctioning Electronic Pocket Dosimeter and/or Quartz Fiber Direct Read Packet Dosimeter
Any individual whose pocket dosimeter indicates an exposure of 100 mRem (I mSv) or goes off scale shall be immediately stop the production and make a complete radiation survey of the area, making certain that no additional exposure is received. After the survey is completed, the following steps should be followed:

1) If the source is in the shielded position or the x-ray machine is off and your survey instrument continues to indicate a dose rate, immediately secure the area and notify the Radiation Safety Officer, immediate supervisor and the area NDT coordinator.
2) If the radiation source cannot be returned in a shielded position, secure the area from the access of unauthorized personnel and notify the Radiation Safety Officer of your situation.
3) Exposed TLD Badge(s) will send immediate for processing. All personnel associated with the radiation incident will not be allowed to return to work until the results of the TLD badge evaluation are received.
4) If the total reported results of the TLD badge are not in excess of the allowable limit, individuals involved in the radiation incident may return to active work assignment.
5) If the total reported results of the TLD badge are in excess of the allowable limits, the individuals involved in the radiation incident will be given non radiation work assignments until such period of time related to exposure limit is compensated.

11.4 Audible Alarms

I) These arc devices that emit sounds when predetermined amount of radiation is received. When preferred lo use audible alarm or area monitor, in addition Lo instruments mentioned above, radiographer shall ensure that the device is in operable and good condition.

2) This instrument shall be used to provide immediate audible warning only and under no circumstances shall be used as replacement for survey meter.

12.0 PERMISSIBLE DOSES:

The exposure dose limits listed to be sci as standard limits and must not be exceeded except under certain condition. Right now, the only safest radiation exposure is zero; therefore, exposure to ionizing radiation shall be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALRA).Exposure can be reduced through providing the necessary training, following protection, proper use of monitoring devices and equipment.

12.1 Occupational or Radiation Workers

12.1.1 Annual Limit

Whole Body: 20 mSv (2 Rem)
I lands, forearms, feet and ankles 500 mSv(50 Rem)
Annual Whole Body limit may be increased to 50 mSv (5Rem) per year provided the exposure during 5 consecutive years does not exceed 100 mSv (10 Rem).

12.1.2 Investigation Level Dose

The RSO/RPO, Area Radiation Safety Representative, or designated representative shall conduct an investigation by interview or other appropriate means of any individual’s daily dose exceeding 500 μSv (50 mRcm) or monthly dose exceeding 1000 μSv (100 mRem).

12.2 Non Occupational (General Public)

12.2.1 Annual Limit

Whole Body: 1 mSv (100 mRem)

The maximum permissible dose limit for Non-occupational exposures to radiation shall, when required, be determined by calculation taking into consideration utilization factors for the exposure device and occupancy factors. As an alternative, an area TLD may be used and processed.

12.2.2 Ionizing radiation producing material or equipment shall not be used, stored or transported in any way that could result in levels which, if a non radiation worker were continuously present in the area, would result in a dose in excess of I mSv (100 mRcm) in one year. In special circumstances, specifically authorized, a higher dose could be permitted provided that the 5 year average docs not exceed I mSv (100 mRcm) per year.

13.0 RESTRICTED ACESS TO RADIATION AREAS

13.1 Controlled Area

13.1.1 Radiation levels at the Controlled Area boundary shall not exceed a measured 7.5 μSv/hr (0.75 mRem/hr)
13.1.2 When there is insufficient area to permit a boundary extending to a measured 7.5 µSv/hr (0. 75 m Rem/hr), the Arca Radiation Safety Representative , may permit a smaller boundary area provided the calculated average dose in any one hour does not exceed 7.5 μSv (0.75 mRem).

13.2 Supervised (Observed)

Area Estimated distance where the dose level averaged over one hour will not exceed 2.5 µSv/hr (0.25 mRcm/hr). Though it is not required to establish a barrier at this limit, it is the responsibility of the radiation worker to maintain observation of this area to assure that workers do not enter the controlled area.

13.3 Controlled Area Warning Signs and Barrier Tape or Rope

The Controlled Arca must be clearly identified to provide adequate notification to the General Public (Non-radiation workers) of the presence of work involving ionizing radiation by radiation warning signs and barricade with approved radiation warning barrier tape or orange rope with radiation warning pennants.
13.3.1 Warning Signs

A minimum of four (4) free-standing radiation warning signs shall be posted at the Controlled Arca boundary. Additional signs shall be used so that warning is provided for all directions and point of entry to the controlled area. When the radiographic exposure device is elevated such as on a platform, in a confined space, or in a ditch, an additional sign shall be placed at the point of entry.
Signs shall have a minimum height of I meter. Radiation warning shall be in both Arabic and English and have the international radiation trefoil symbol. Signs used in subdued lighting conditions shall be reflective.
13.3.2 Barricade Tape/Rope

Barricade consisting of barrier tape or rope shall be extended for the full perimeter of the Controlled Arca. In remote areas where there is a limited or no presence of personnel other than the radiographic crew, such as pipeline work, barrier tape or rope is not required.
Where radiography is being conducted in “multi-story” applications and access to the level (and above) where the work is conducted, additional barricades shall be established at each accessible level.

13.3.2.1 Barrier Tape

Barrier Tape, if used, shall include wording in Arabic and English and the trefoil radiation symbol continually printed long the length of the tape.

13.3.2.2 Barrier Rope

Barrier Rope, if used, shall be bright orange in color and shall have approved radiation warning pennants spaced every 3 meters or less.

13.3.2.3Pennants

If barrier rope is used, Radiation warning Pennants (hanging signs) shall be attached to the rope.

13.3.3 Controlled Area Lighting

In subdued lighting conditions, red or yellow flashing warning lights shall be used with the radiation warning signs.

13.3.4 Radiation Survey of Controlled Area

13.3.4.1 A radiation survey shall be conducted as soon as the source is exposed. The radiographer shall keep the area under constant surveillance to protect against unauthorized or accidental entry.
13.3.4.2 The radiographer must complete a radiation survey at each radiographic work location.
13.3.4.3 If any unauthorized person enters the radiation area the source will be retracted and no exposures made until the area is cleared.

14.0 RECORDS:

14.1 Radiographer shall records his accumulated dose each day after he perform radiographic testing by reading his dosimeter and reading shall be recorded in daily radiation exposure records. (Sec Appendix 5)
14.2 Inspection & Testing Company shall maintain records regarding radioactive materials and records showing the radiation exposure of all radiographic personnel.
14.3 Inspection & Testing Company shall preserve the records of personnel monitoring for at least two years or as long as the employee is employed with STAR INT’L NDT SERVICES.

15.0 HANDLING OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS:

15.1 Receiving

Inspection & Testing Company shall make an arrangement lo receive a transport package containing radioactive material when it is offered for delivery or if the package is to be picked up at the carrier’s terminal.

NDT SERVICES, RSO or authorized personnel shall pick up the package immediately upon the receipt of notification of its arrival and proceed with following instructions;

I) Upon the receipt of radioactive materials, check the shipping papers and the shipper’s certification if it is the right documents,
2) Inspect the package for damage, and monitor the external radiation level of the container and check limits and controls on the total transport index. Radiation level should not exceed 2 mSv/hr (200 mR/hr) at the surface of the package nor 100 μSv/hr ( 10 mR/hr) at a distance of I meter from the surface.
3) In the event that the radiation level does not meet the requirements above, notify RSO, Regulatory authority, the sender, and the final delivering carrier and do not proceed with the opening of the package.
4) If the radiation levels arc found to be in allowable limit, proceed with the opening of the package and record the isotope activity, model number, and serial number.

15.2 Source Storage:

I) Permanent Storage facilities
a) Radioactive material shall be stored in an isotope storage facility approved by regulatory authority when not in used.
b) Projectors must be lock (with keys removed) and front plug inserted.
c) The storage compartment and storage door must be secured and equipped with lock to prevent entrance by unauthorized personnel or any risk of tampering with or unauthorized removal of the equipment.
d) The door and side’s wall must have visible warning signs with radioactive trefoil symbol.
e) Radiation level at the outside walls of the radioactive permanent storage must be within limits for general public.

15.3 Isotope Temporary Storage:

a) Temporary storage shall only be used with the approval Client.
b) The storage must be secured and lock to prevent entrance by unauthorized personnel or any risk of tampering with or unauthorized removal of the equipment.
c) The door and side’s walls must have visible warning signs with radioactive trefoil symbol.

d) Radiation level at the outside walls of the radioactive permanent storage must be within limits for general public.
e) For approved temporary isotope storage sec sketch in Appendix 8.

15.4 Packaging and Disposal:

Radioactive material that has been decay or no longer suitable for its purpose shall be sent to its original manufacturer directly or utilizing authorized carrier.
1) Radioactive projector or source changer shall be used for shipment. Any outer packaging or crate that may use must be strong enough to withstand the normal condition of transport. This crate must have sufficient blocking to prevent the movement of source projector or source changer during transport.
2) Perform a radiation survey at the surface or the package to ensure that radiation level is within approved limit f200 mRem/hr (2 mSv) at the surface or 10 mRem (100 μSv) at one meter from the surface) and to determine the proper labels to be applied in the package. The choose of label according to its category arc shown in (Appendix 2)
3) If radiation level of the package is more than 200 mRem/hr (2 mSv) at the surface or 10 mRcm (100 μSv) at one meter from the surface, do not ship by common carrier and notify RSO (Radiation Safety Officer).
4) Shipping information and shipping labels shall be attached on four sides of the package. Shipping labels shall indicate the source type, source activity, and transport index.
5) Remove old shipping labels to avoid confusion in the transport cycles

15.5 Source Changes

Radiation Safety Officer or other authorized radiographer appointed by Radiation Safety Officer shall be responsible for conducting radioactive source changes. Changing source shall be conducted as follows;

Projector to Changer:

1) Survey the source projector to ensure that the source is in proper shielded position. The dose rate should be Jess than 2 mSv/hr (200 mR/hr).
2) Position the changer and projector close together so that one section of source guide tube will connect them with no sharp bends. The bend radius of the guide tube should never be less than 20 inches.
3) Remove the shipping plug of the projector and attach one end to the source guide tube and the other end to the source changer. Connect the drive cable to the projector.
4) Crank the source rapidly from the projector fully into the source changer.
5) During the above process, the survey meter reading should increase as the source is being crank to the source changer then drop to background when the source is in the source changer.
6) Approach the source changer with the survey meter to ensure that the source is fully within the changer. The dose rate at the surface should be less than 2 mSv/hr (200 mRrem/hr)
7) Disconnect the drive cable and source-guide tube and lock the source in place.

Changer to Projector:

1) Connect the source guide tube to the fitting above the channel of the changer containing the new source and couple the drive cable to the new source.
2) Return to the controls and retract the new source rapidly into the projector.
During the above process, the survey meter reading should increase as the source is being crank to the source projector then drop to background when the source is in the source projector.
3) Survey the projector to ensure that the transfer has been completely completed; the dose rate at the surface should be less than 2 mSv/hr (200 mRrem/hr).
4) Rotate the projector ring to the lock position
5) Disconnect the guide tube from the changer and projector. Disconnect the control unit from the projector and replace the shipping plug.
6) LOCK the source. Member ID:219256
7) Fix the new source identification plate firmly to the projector.

15.6 Leak Testing

Requirements

I) Each scaled source shall be tested for leakage at an interval not to exceed 1 year and shall be performed by the radiation safety officer or by authorized personnel designated by the RSO (Radiation Safety Officer).

2) The leak test shall be capable of detecting the presence of 0.005 microcurie of removable contamination on the scaled source.

Procedure

Leak testing shall be conducted as follows:

I) Prepare a data indicating the equipment identification, date, location, and source identification etc.
2) Dissolve dry detergent in a small amount of water.
3) Dampen a cotton swab in the prepared liquid.
4) Insert the cotton the front opening of projector and wipe it back in forth.
5) Removed the cotton swab and placed it in the plastic bag. Sealed and label the plastic bag indicating the location where you the wiping.
6) Repeal the same procedure for wind out cable and source tube. Make sure that 6-inches from the end are covered by wiping.

16.0 TRANSPORTATION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

16.1 Vehicle Transportation

Vehicle storage compartment used for industrial radiography exposure device(s) shall provide shielding such that the maximum Transport Index docs not exceed the requirements of Yellow Label II which is 0.5 mSv/hr (50 mRem hr) at the surface and 0.0 I mSv/hr ( I mRem/hr) at one meter. Further, the dose level at any occupant position or exterior surface of the vehicle shall not exceed 7.5 μSv/hr (0.75 mRem/hr). ALARA principals shall be applied to reduce radiation levels in the occupant portion of the vehicle.

16.1.2 ST AR INT’L NDT SERVICES, vehicles used for industrial radiography shall be open bed pick-up trucks ¼ ton or greater. Transport boxes to be mounted towards the rear of the vehicle furthest from the passenger compartment.
16.1.3 “Danger Radiation” signs subject to approval by the RSO shall be securely affixed to the front and rear of the vehicle transporting radioactive sources.
16.1.4 Emergency Contact information both in English and Arabic shall be prominently displayed within the passenger compartment of the vehicle clearly identifying that in the event of an emergency, who is to be contacted.

16.1.5 STAR INTL NDT SERVICES, personnel being transported in a vehicle equipped to transport radioactive material including technicians, drivers, helpers, etc. must have received training in Radiation Safely and be prepared to respond to emergency situations. All personnel must have in use required personal dosimetry and survey instrumentation at all times when radioactive materials arc stored or transported in the vehicle.

16.2 Bulk Radioactive Source Transport

Bulk Radioactive Source Transport applies to radioactive source shipments from the port of entry to the distribution site and for depicted radioactive material, from the distribution site to the port of export.
16.2.1 Transport must be in an approved and licensed Type B Transport Container and shall not exceed the permissible Transport Index dose limits of Yellow Label-III.
16.2.2 Transport containers must be secured by ratchet nylon or wire rope shipping straps secured to the truck bed by anchor bolts.

16.3 Traveling by Road

1. When traveling by road with radioactive material, the vehicle must be in good operating condition and with an approved container located at the rear end. This container is designed so that moving of radioactive projector must be prevented.

2. Driver must wear his TLD Badge and Dosimeter, be preferred for any emergency, and carry the following safety equipment;’
a) Survey meter
b) Flashlight
c) Radiation Warning Signs
d) Barricading Ropes
e) Spare Wheels
I) Reflective Triangles
g) Fire extinguisher
h) First Aid Kit

3. STAR INT’L NOT SERVICES, complete address and contact number shall be written (both Arabic & English) in both front door and rear end of the vehicle.
4. Exposure device shall be locked and placed in container with radiation warning signs indicating “DANGER” or “CAUTION RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL”
5. Radiation signs indicating “Waring Radioactive Material shall be attached at the end and front-side of the vehicle.
6. Survey the radiation level at the storage compartment. radiation levels should not exceed 2 mR (20 μSv) per hour on the surface. And
7. DRIVE SAFELY.

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Recommendations for Tower and Vessel Internals Operation in Plants & Refinery

FIELD PRESERVATION PROCEDURE | ADSORBENT TOWER INTERNAL

17.0 ISSUE & RECEIVING OF RADIOACTOVE SOURCES

If transfer occurs between shills, the Area Radiation Safety Representative must perform and document the required “Daily Inspection”.

At the time of issue, an index survey of the projector shall be conducted to determine the radiation level at 12″ from the right side of the projector. The resulting value shall be recorded on the Safety Data Check List and used throughout the radiographic assignment to assure that the radioactive material is stored properly in the projector.
If the measured radiation level at the index point (12″ from the right side of the projector) exceeds the ± 20% of the index level at the time of issue, during the radiographic assignment of a projector, all work is to be stopped.
At the time of return, an index survey of the projector shall be conducted to confirm that the radiation level is within ± 20% of the index level at the time of issue.

18.0 HANDLING OF SEALED SOURCES

Under no circumstances should the levels of radiation for the surveys noted above exceed the following limits:
When a radioactive source is in its shielded position inside the radiographic projector, the maximum at any exterior surface, shall not exceed 2mSv (200 mR) per hour, or shall not exceed 0.1 mSv(10 mR) per hour at I meter from any exterior surface.
Unlock the radiographic projector and turn the locking device to the correct position, removing the cap, exposing the Source pigtail.
Connect the control cable lo the pigtail.
Connect the wind-out cable to the projector and turn the locking device to the lock position.
Remove the safety plug from the front of the radiographic projector and connect the guide tube(s).
Place the guide tube at the exposure location making sure there arc no 90 degrees bends in the tube keeping is as straight as possible.
When the radiographic projector setup is complete, turn the locking device to “operate”.
When work is completed and a survey conducted; turn the locking device to the locked position, disconnect the guide tube and replace the safety plug.
Source surveys should always be made before, during and after each exposure and when loading and/or unloading a radiographic projector.

19.0 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE

19.1 Written Authorization

Before radiographer can carry out any radiographic work, he shall be issued with a work assignment form by the operation manager. This form includes issuance of radiographic equipment and accessories and safety equipment. (Sec Appendix 3)

19.2 Personnel Monitoring Check and Survey meter Check

Prior to transportation and radiographic operation, each member of radiographic testing crew shall;
1. Wear their own TLD badge and pin the holder to the outer clothing at chest level at the front of the body.
2. Recharge Dosimeter lo Zero or record the initial reading of dosimeter for comparison at the end of work.
3. Pin the dosimeter at the upper part of the body or in the front pocket of your clothing.
4. Check the survey meter if battery is full, if not inform the RSO for replacement. Check on and off switches, check each scale and allow the instrument to warm up for at least three minutes prior to the above check.

19.3 Loading and Unloading of Exposure Device

I. Inform RSO and fill up exposure device issuance form (Sec Appendix 4) before taking the source from the storage.
2. One member of RT crew shall be responsible for taking the exposure device from the storage and the second technician will be in the vehicle to receive the exposure device and place it lo in to the storage compartment of the vehicle and lock it
3. Prior to loading to the vehicle, survey radiation level of the entire surface of the exposure device. Reading should not exceed 2 mSv/hr (200 mR/hr) at the surface or 100 µSv/hr ( 10 mR/hr) at 1 meter from the surface. If the radiation level exceed the level mentioned above, do not proceed and report to RSO immediately.

4. Check the exposure device for possible cuts, breaks, broken fittings, loose screws and hardware, missing parts that may treat to the safety of equipment and personnel. Report to RSO if any damage is found.
5. If no excess radiation level and damage arc found, lock and put the exposure device in the shipping container and proceed with the loading to the vehicle and lock it.
6. Meet the requirement stated in paragraph 10.1 and DRIVE SAFELY.
7. Never leave the vehicle unattended.

8. When unloading from the vehicle, never put down and leave unattended the exposure device, but taken directly to the work location or storage location.

19.4 Control Restricted Area:

1. Permit from authorized person or client shall be secured prior to start of work.
2. Restricted area where the pre-calculated radiation level is in excess of 7 .5 µSv/hr (0.75 mR/hr) shall be enclosed with barricading ropes and posted with a minimum of four visible warning signs.

3. A radiation survey shall be conducted outside the enclosed area as soon as the source is exposed. If the radiation level is more than as mention above, the ropes shall be adjusted until the required radiation level is met.
4. One member one the RT crew shall keep the area under constant surveillance to restrict the entry of unauthorized personnel.
5. If any unauthorized person enters the restricted in spite of constant surveillance and warning signs, the source shall be retracted and no exposure shall be made until the area is cleared from unauthorized personnel.
6. RT crew must survey after each every exposure to make sure that the source is in shielded position.
7. The radiographer must complete the radiation survey in the work area before transferring to other location.

19.5 Operational Procedure:

1. Prior to the beginning of each work, Check the exposure device and accessories for possible cuts, breaks, broken fittings, loose hardware, missing parts or other damage that may be a threat to the safety of the equipment and personnel. If damage is found, do not start the work and inform the RSO about the situation.
2. Check the radiation level at the surface of the exposure device, The radiation level should not exceed 2 mSv/hr (200 mR/hr). This will verify that the source is in shielded position. Verify if the survey meter is working properly and provide baseline intensity in the vicinity or exposure device for comparison with the future measurement.

3. Choose the position of exposure device and the path of source guide tube to afford as much shielding as possible to the radiographers.
4. Lay out the source guide tube as straight as possible; the bend radius should not be less than 20 inches. Never use more than 3 connected source guide tube and use collimator whenever possible.
5. Lay out the cranking cable as straight as possible and choose a shielded position to afford as much as possible shielding to the operator.

6. Before exposing, coordinate with another member of the crew to make sure that no unauthorized person inside the restricted area.
7. When exposing the radioactive source, place the survey meter by the control unit and rotate the cranking toward exposed position. Survey meter reading should have a rapid increase.
8. Do not exert excessive force than necessary when the source is at end stop, this may cause disconnection of source from drive cable, observe the odometer reading that indicates the source position.

9. While the radioactive source is in exposed position, every member of the RT crew must observed proper method of protection from ionizing radiation. The following method is helpful to reduce the absorbed dose at low as possible;
Less time in radiation area shall be given a reasonable effort to minimize the absorbed dose of each individual. LESS TIME = LESS EXPOSURE.

Individual’s exposure is equal to the product of radiation intensity and the amount of time spent in that intensity.
Greater distance shall also be maintained. If it is practical to stay on greater distance when the source is in exposed position, radiographer shall exert effort to do so. GREATER DISTANCE = LESS EXPOSURE. The radiation intensity from the source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance or can be expressed mathematically as I1 D²1 = I2 D²2.
Shielding can greatly reduce radiation exposure and any available shielding shall be used. MORE SHIELDING = LESS EXPOSURE. The list of materials and its Half Value/ Tenth Value Layer arc listed on Table 2 & 3.
10. At the end of each exposure rewind the source into the projector and approach the projector while observing the survey meter.

11. Check survey meter reading on the entire circumference of radiographic device and source tubes, to assure that the source is returned properly in shielded position.
12. When Exposure device is to be transferred from one location to another, lock the source and disconnect the drive cable and source tube from the projector.

19.6 Securing of Source After Radiographic Operation:

I. Source shall be secured to shielded position and surveyed the entire circumference of the exposure device upon completion of Radiographic Testing. The exposure device shall be locked and control units be removed.
2. The barricades shall be dismantled upon completion of radiographic testing.
the posted radiation signs shall be collected and no single piece shall be left on the site. This is to avoid confusion to the other worker.
3. The exposure shall be returned and secured in the container and vehicle.

20.0 EMERGENCY PROCEDURE

20.1 The term incident means any conditions of damage, malfunction. and loss of immediate control of the radiation source, lost ionizing radiation producing equipment or radioactive material; or radiation exposures (or potential of radiation exposure) to radiation workers and/or members of the general public in excess of permissible limits.
20.2 All incidents on STAR INT’L NDT SERVICES, Or Client Property involving ionizing radiation producing equipment or radioactive source must be reported immediately to the RSO or designee.
20.3 Prepare the notification Report (Appendix 6). This form contains the required information for verbal and fax notification.
20.4 Notify RSO via telephone as soon as possible regardless of the time of day of the week.
20.5 A copy of the Notification Report shall be sent to the RSO via Fax as soon a reasonably possible.

20.6 Incidents that interfere with normal Company operations, injury or debilitating overdose to radiation workers, and overdose to general public shall be reported immediately to all responsible party and Client.

20.7 Preliminary Reporting

Preliminary reporting shall be prepared using Appendix II and issued by the User RSO/RPO with 2 business days to the RPO.

20.8 Final Reporting

The RSO shall prepare a final report including description of the incident, circumstance, personnel and equipment involved; corrective action and
preventative measures against reoccurrence. The final report shall include the following applicable documents: reports by individuals involved, Contractor RPO’s report, TLD reports, ID-RPO final report, notifications, photographs (if available). In the event of an incident on Company property by contractor, a copy of the notification to KACARE is to be included.
Final report to be submitted to KACARE for review within 1 month of the date of the incident
20.9 STAR INT’L NDT SERVICES, providing radiographic services on Saudi Aramco Property shall maintain equipment for emergency recovery at a location whereby the transport of such would not exceed 6 hours.
20.10 Prior to the commencement of a project, the ST AR INT’L NOT SERVICES, is required to give notification of the intended work including information such as scope of work, location, duration, location of storage facilities, and personnel involved. A Radiographic Work, Fax Notification form (appendix 4) is included herewith.

20.11 Defective Exposure Devices and Control Units Malfunction:

1. In case or condition that the source cannot be returned 10 shielded position by normal means or pigtail disconnection, radiographers shall immediately established and maintained tight security of the restricted area and notify the Radiation Safety Officer.
2. Radiographer shall make a survey to determine the actual position of the source and adjust the boundary of restricted area when necessary.
3. Radiographers together with the Radiation Safety Officer shall discuss the problem and plan every steps of the operation through the completion of the retrieval. Estimation of time required to accomplish each step and computation of possible exposure shall be done to determine if the dose lo be receives is within the limit.
4. Upon completion of retrieval, and exposure device or accessories found defective, it shall be pulled out from operation for repair and mark with “unsafe for Usage” and detailed report shall be prepared immediately.
5. In case of X-ray Machines malfunction or damages, equipment shall be turned off immediately and send for repair by appropriate service personnel.

20.12 Road Accident:

1. In case of any road accident, immediate radiation survey shall be made. If any abnormal radiation intensity exists, the situation shall be treated as an emergency.
2. The restricted area shall be established and secured immediately. The Radiation Safety Officer. Manager shall be notified immediately.
3. Assistance from police force shall be enlisted to keep people out of restricted area.
4. Retrieval shall be done as describe in 13.1

20.13 Lost or Theft of Radioactive Materials:

1. In case radioactive have been lost or stolen, STAR INTL NOT SERVICES. Manager, RSO regulatory authority shall be notified immediately.
2. Information shall be obtained to all persons who may have possible information of radioactive materials whereabouts.
3. If the radioactive material is found in unsafe condition, radioactive shall be secured as describe in 13.1
4. Should failure to locate the radioactive materials within 24 hours, full and detailed report shall be prepared and submitted STAR INTL NDT SERVICES. manager, RSO and Regulatory authority.

20.14 In case of fire:

l. The STAR INTL NDT SERVICES. Manager and RSO shall be informed immediately when this situation occurred.
2. Fire Brigades shall be informed of possible radiation hazard involved that may encounter when pulling the fire out.

20.15 Unauthorized Entry to Restricted Area:

1. When any person has entered the restricted area and believed to be exposed, the person shall be investigated. When it is known or suspected that the person have receive more than the allowable limits, complete information about the person shall be obtained and a written report shall be prepared and submitted to RSO and NDT manager. This report shall include the following:
2. Measured sketch of the restricted area
3. Duration of stay inside the restricted area
4. Date, time and location of the incident
5. Type of Radiation and Intensity.
6. Distance from the source of radiation.
7. Name, address, and age of person exposed.

20.16 Over Exposure to Radiographer and Assistant Radiographer:

1. In the event of incident where a dosimeter reading indicated more than 200 mRcm or over exposure is suspected, the film badge or TLD shall be sent immediately for processing.
2. The personnel involved shall be pulled out from radiographic operation until the result of TLD reading is received.
3. When ascertain of over exposure, he shall be sent for blood test and pulled out from working with radioactive until the extent period of recovery related to absorbed dose is accumulated.

20.17 Failure of Radiation Survey meter and Monitors:

1. When one of the survey meters becomes inoperative, radiographer shall slop the radiographic activities and shall not resume until inoperative survey meter is replace with operable one.
2. Damage or defective survey meter and monitors shall be pulled out from service and submitted to RSO for repair and re-calibration.

21.0 EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT:

RSO must have the following equipment;
I. Operable Survey meter

2. Spare Batteries.

3. 2-meter long handling tongs

4. Lead sheets or shots

5. Lead Container

6. Barricading Ropes
7. Radiation signs
8. Pliers
9. Screw Drivers
10. Cutter
11. Handling Tong
12. Radiation Warning Signs

23.0 PREVENTION OF RADIATION INCIDENTS AND MINIMIZING THE RECEIVED DOSE

23.1 Following simple steps will help prevent any undesirable radiation incidents and ensure safety of the radiographer & general public.
1. Use survey meter al all limes during every radiation work (Handling, Transportation & Usage).
2. Never approach towards projector without survey meter.
3. Observe your pocket dosimeter at every stage for any increase in dose.
4. Always use collimator except when not possible as during panoramic.
5. Don’t use the equipment you are not comfortable with.
6. Avoid guide tube extensions whenever possible.
7. Don’t use guide tubes with sharp bends, dents and kinks.
8. Check each retraction using survey meter that source has returned to shielded position.
9. Secure exposure device while on high deviation.
10. Don’t keep exposure device too close to welding, gas cutting equipment.
11. Try to keep guide tubes as straight as possible.
12. Don’t speed up work compromising on safety.
13. Always lock the projector upon completion of work.
14. Don ‘I lei laziness increase unnecessary exposure.
15. Remember that safety of yourself and general public is first.
16. Seek professional help while in doubt instead of being over smart.
17. Periodically maintain your equipment according lo procedure.

23.2 DO’S AND DONT’S

DO’S

Use survey meter at all times. (During usage, Handling, Transport and All Radiation Activities).
2 Always use the collimator except when not possible as panoramic.
3 Check your dose with your dosimeter at every stage.
4 Alarms give you a warning.
5 Proceed only when it is clear.
6 Assess everyone’s risk.
7 Keep source guide tube as straight as possible.
8 Use the right equipments for the right job.
9 More distance, less intensity.
IO Ask whenever you arc unsure.

DONT’S

I Don’t approach the projector without doing survey.
2 Don’t compromise on safety with the speed of your job.
3 Don’t misuse your personal protective equipment (PPE)
4 Don’t be over confident, safety first.
5 Don’t expose in occupied areas.
6 Don’t proceed when the risk is high.
7 Don’t use guide tubes with sharp bends, dents or kinks.
8 Don’t use equipment you are not comfortable with.
9 Don’t let laziness give you over exposure.
10 Don’t be over smart; there is no harm in seeking professional opinion.

23.3 Monitoring Radiation During Radiography Using Calibrated Survey Meters

1. All radiography work must be continuously monitored using minimum two survey meters by each crew.
2.In the event the calibrated survey meters show a different reading within a difference of I 0% than the one showing the higher radiation be used during monitoring and upon completion of work both these survey meters must be sent for recalibration.
3. In the event the reading between survey meters is over 10% and if the work location is close enough to STAR INTL NOT SERVICES. office, the work will be temporarily stopped and both the previous survey meters must be sent for recalibration.
4. In above instance when the reading difference is large and the area is remote from STAR INTL NOT SERVICES. location than the work shall be completely stopped and crew can restart the work by using new two calibrated survey meters.

24.0 Violations and Incidents — Administrative Response

Administrative response and actions arc required for all radiographic work Safety violation and incident.
Implementation of quick response arc required basing on the severity, situations and conditions.
Fairness and constructive actions arc needed to preserve the safety standards, work outputs and the well being of both the radiographers and the members of the general public.

25.0 DEFINITION OF TERMS:

25.1 Absorbed Dose – The energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated materials at the place of interest. The unit of absorbed dose is Rad.
25.2 Activity – The number of nuclear occurring in a given quantity of material per unit time.
25.3 ALARA = Radiation safety principle on receivable dose means As Low As Reasonably Achievable
25.4 Collimator = A device for confining the clement of a beam within the assigned solid angle.
25.5 Curie = The unit of activity. One curie equals 3.7 x 10∧10 nuclear transformations per second or Bequerel (Bq). Abbreviated Ci.
25.6 Dosimeter= Instrument to detect and measure accumulated radiation exposure. In common usage a pencil-size ionization chamber with a self reading electrometer, used for personnel monitoring.
25. 7 Exposure = A measure of ionization produced in air by x or gamma radiation. It is the sum of the electrical charge on all ions of one sign produced in air when all electrons liberated by photon in a volume clement of air arc completely stopped in air, divided by the mass of air in the volume clement. The special unit for exposure is the Roentgen.

25.8 Film Badge= A pack of photographic film which measures radiation exposure for personnel monitoring. The badge may contain two or three films of differing sensitivity and filters to shield parts of the film from certain types of radiation.
25.9 Gamma Ray Short wavelength electromagnetic radiation (range from 10 keV to 9 MeV) emitted from the nucleus.
2S.IO Half Value Layer= The thickness of specified substance which, when introduced to radiation reduces the exposure rate by one-half.
25.11 Intensity The amount of energy per unit time passing through a unit area perpendicular to the line of propagation at the point of interest.

25.12 Ionization – The process by which a neutral atom or molecule acquires a positive or negative charge.
25.13 Irradiation = Exposure to radiation.
25.14 Isotopes = Nuclides having the same number of protons in their nuclei and the same atomic number but dilTer in the number of their neutrons and therefore in the mass number. Almost identical chemical properties exist between isotopes of a particular element.
25.15 Leak Test – A test on scaled sources to assure that the radioactive material is not being released.
25.16 Monitoring= Periodic or continuous determination of the amount of radiation in an occupied region.
25.17 Radioactive Decay = Disintegration of the nucleus of unstable nuclide by spontaneous emissions of charged particles and/or photons.
25.18 Radioactive Half-life — Time required for radioactive substance to lose 50 percent of its activity by decay. Each radionuclide has a unique half-life.
25.19 Radiation The emission or propagation of energy through space or through a material medium in the form of waves.
25.20 Radioactivity – The property of certain nuclides of spontaneously emitting particles or gamma radiation or of emitting x-radiation following orbital electron capture or of under spontaneous fission.

25.21 Radiographer = Any person who performs or personally supervise radiographic operations and who is responsible for compliance with safety rules and regulation set forth in this procedure.
25.22 Radiographic Testing = Examination of structure of materials by nondestructive methods utilizing scaled source or electrically generated X-rays.
25.23 Rem= A special unit of dose equivalent. The dose equivalent is numerically equal to the absorbed dose in rads (unit of absorbed dose) multiplied by the quality factor, the distribution factor, and any other modifying factor.
25.24 Roentgen = The unit of exposure to ionizing radiation. It is the amount of gamma or X-rays required to produce ions carrying I esu of charge in one cubic centimetre of dry air under standard condition.
25.25 Sealed Source = A radioactive clement scaled in a container which has sufficient mechanical strength to prevent contact with and dispersion of radioactive material under the condition of used.
25.26 Sievert = is a unit of measure for radiation dose equivalent to man as in rem. 1 Sievert is equal to 100 Rem.
25.27 Survey meter = Radiation monitoring instrument that display the rate of radiation
exposure
25.28 TLD = Thermo Luminescent Dosimeter, a personnel dosimetry composed of lithium fluoride chips mounted on an aluminium card with various types of filter for different kind of radiation.

Appendix 1 – TABLE2

Shielding Equivalent: Approximate

Half Value Layer (HVL) and Tenth Value Layer (TYL) for Lead and Concrete for Various X-ray Potentials

TABLE3